Mental Health

by Alina Volkova - 4. May 2025

Experiment I: Embodied Resonance – Heart rate variability (HRV) as mental health indicator

Heart rate is a fundamental indicator of mental health, with heart rate variability (HRV) playing a particularly significant role. HRV refers to the variation in time intervals between heartbeats, reflecting autonomic nervous system function and overall physiological resilience. It is measured using time-domain, frequency-domain, or non-linear methods. Higher HRV is associated with greater adaptability and lower stress levels, while lower HRV is linked to conditions such as PTSD, depression, and anxiety disorders.

Studies have shown that HRV differs between healthy individuals and those with PTSD. In a resting state, people with PTSD typically exhibit lower HRV compared to healthy controls. When exposed to emotional triggers, their HRV may decrease even further, indicating heightened sympathetic nervous system activation and reduced parasympathetic regulation. Bessel van der Kolk’s work in “The Body Keeps the Score” highlights how trauma affects autonomic regulation, leading to dysregulated physiological responses under stress.

There are two primary methods for measuring heart rate: electrocardiography (ECG) and photoplethysmography (PPG).

Feature	ECG	PPG
Measurement Principle	Uses electrical signals produced by heart activity	Uses light reflection to detect blood flow changes
Accuracy	Gold standard for medical HR monitoring	Uses ECG as reference for HR comparison
Heart Rate (HR) Measurement	Highly accurate	Suitable for average or moving average HR
Heart Rate Variability (HRV)	Can extract R-peak intervals with millisecond accuracy	Limited by sampling rate, better for long-duration measurements (>5 min)
Time to Obtain Reading	Quick, no long settling time required	Requires settling time for ambient light compensation, motion artifact correction

ECG records the electrical activity of the heart using electrodes placed on the skin, providing high accuracy in detecting R-R intervals, which are critical for HRV analysis. PPG, in contrast, uses optical sensors to detect blood volume changes in peripheral tissues, such as fingertips or earlobes. While PPG is convenient and widely used in consumer devices, it is more susceptible to motion artifacts and may not provide the same precision in HRV measurement as ECG.

Additionally, some PPG sensors include pulse oximetry functionality, measuring both heart rate and blood oxygen saturation (SpO2). One such sensor is the MAX30102, which uses red and infrared LEDs to measure oxygen levels in the blood. The sensor determines SpO2 by comparing light absorption in oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Since oxygen levels can influence cognitive function and stress responses, these sensors have potential applications in mental health monitoring. However, SpO2 does not provide direct information about autonomic nervous system function or HRV, making ECG a more suitable method for this project.

For this project, ECG is the preferred method due to its superior accuracy in HRV analysis. Among available ECG sensors, the AD8232 module is a suitable choice for integration with microcontrollers such as Arduino. The AD8232 is a single-lead ECG sensor designed for portable applications. It amplifies and filters ECG signals, making it easier to process the data with minimal noise interference. The module includes an output that can be directly read by an analog input pin on an Arduino, allowing real-time heart rate and HRV analysis.

HRV is calculated based on the time intervals between successive R-peaks in the ECG signal. One of the most commonly used HRV metrics is the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), which is computed using the formula:

where RRi represents the ith R-R interval, and N is the total number of intervals. Higher RMSSD values indicate greater parasympathetic activity and better autonomic balance. Among ECG sensors available on the market, the Gravity: Analog Heart Rate Monitor Sensor (ECG) is the most suitable for this project. It is relatively inexpensive, includes electrode patches in the package, and has well-documented Arduino integration, making it an optimal choice for HRV measurement in experimental and practical applications.

by victoria.bremer - 16. January 2025

Loneliness as a human experience

Having already defined and analyzed loneliness I will now take a phenomenological approach in order to gain a more rounded and holistic understanding of the concept. This means looking at the actual experience of what it means, feels and looks like for individuals to be lonely.
This can mean asking how loneliness is experienced physically, how it shapes our experience of time and sense of space, how it affects our relationships with others, our attitude towards other experiences or how loneliness is approached in general (negatively or positively).

Barbara Schellhammer initially sees loneliness as a structural problem and criticizes measures such as the ministry of loneliness as an approach against the loneliness epidemic. They simply treat a symptom, however the fundamental problem and one of the the origins of society’s increasing loneliness lies primarily in the fact that in recent years politicians have cut back on the funding of communal spaces that are essential for community and connection (more on this in Post 5 on Third Places). It raises the question of which loneliness should be addressed at all and clearly shows how loneliness can be a completely different experience for different people in different scenarios: From the lonely senior citizen who is only cared for by robots, to single households who almost exclusively virtually search the internet for a partner or the homeless, uprooted refugee separated from their family [1].

Nicht-Orte (Non-Places)
“Loneliness never exists in itself, but only for someone who experiences it in a very unique way. It results from a history that extends far beyond one’s own, it is rooted in lived time, in specific cultural structures and nests itself stubbornly in certain places” [1]

„[The] weakening of the identity of places to the point where they not only look alike but feel alike and offer the same bland possibilities for experience“ – Edward Relph

The phenomenon of non-places was first described by Marc Augé and describes places, especially in urban areas, that are used monofunctionally (train stations, airports, shopping centers), which is in stark contrast to traditional anthropological places that are full of culture, history, identity, communication and relation [see also: Heterotopia – places with predetermined experience that are restrictive in experience and access, such as retirement homes or hospitals]. These places are often characterized by a functionality that does not promote social contact or interpersonal interaction. They offer little space for the development of individual identity or for genuine connections between people. One reason why non-places are associated with loneliness lies in their temporary and functional nature. They are designed to be transit places where people generally only stay for a short time. This fast-paced, anonymous atmosphere can reinforce feelings of isolation [2]. As a counterpart to this, there is the idea of „in-between places“ (Zwischenorte) that promote community and open up spaces for encounters. The aim is to create spaces that promote openness, dialog and emotional contact, something that is often lost in everyday life [1,4].

Loneliness as a negative experience
Loneliness is often perceived as strange, wrong, shameful, or even taboo. Society frequently associates it with lower status or a personal deficit, creating pressure to avoid being alone. Many feel the need to justify their solitude with excuses like being unwell or having work, as if simply choosing to be alone is unacceptable. This societal stigma stems from deeply ingrained childhood experiences and cultural norms, making it difficult for some to embrace solitude. It’s not just being alone but feeling unwanted, forgotten, or unnecessary, especially by those you value most and often rooted in rejection, exclusion, or abandonment. This form of loneliness is defined by the loss of connections, a longing for companionship, and a sense of invisibility or lack of place. It can have an affect on both mind and body, leading to stress, discomfort, or unhealthy coping mechanisms.
When feeling unseen or misunderstood, loneliness can even occur when surrounded by other people.This can mean feeling isolated in social settings like parties due to superficial interactions or feeling lonely in a close relationship when feeling overlooked or unappreciated, leading to emotional invisibility. Also feeling isolated due to differences like disability, lifestyle, or personal choices can make a person feel lonely. In all cases, loneliness arises from a lack of emotional connection and the pain of feeling unseen or misunderstood, emphasizing the importance of being acknowledged and valued by others. [3]

However, loneliness does not have to be negative – it can even be appreciated or seen as positive when separated from these harmful views.

Loneliness as a positive experience
Loneliness, when chosen or voluntary, can be a source of rest, creativity, and serenity. Unlike painful loneliness, this form is experienced as harmonious, calming, and even empowering. It allows one to connect with oneself, recharge, and reflect. While virtual interactions can reduce feelings of isolation, they lack the embodied richness of real-life interactions. Occupations like reading, crafting, or listening to music can also transform loneliness into a meaningful experience. This positive form of loneliness requires personal strength and the ability to face oneself.   Over time, one can develop an appreciation for solitude, realizing it is not a sign of inadequacy but a way to connect more deeply with oneself and even enhance future social interactions, as long as you connect with something in some way. [3] The contrast and balance between solitude and connection enhance both: those who embrace solitude can connect openly with others, and healthy relationships enable solitude to become a source of strength and inspiration [1].

Sources

B. Schnellhammer, “Eine phänomenologische Annäherung an die Erfahrung der Einsamkeit”, April 2020, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340502352_Eine_phanomenologische_Annaherung_an_die_Erfahrung_der_Einsamkeit
M. Augé “Orte und Nicht-Orte”, https://swiki.hfbk-hamburg.de/Medienoekologie/uploads/auge-ortenichtorte.pdf
K. Dahlberg, “The enigmatic phenomenon of loneliness”, July 2009, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232058607_The_enigmatic_phenomenon_of_loneliness
H. Rosa, “Resonanz”, https://books.google.at/books?hl=en&lr=&id=MUeWCwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT3&dq=soziologie+der+weltbeziehung&ots=zNQRoPz929&sig=mbBXxjo9zRRTtzeJy4XLK5h8Ho0&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=soziologie%20der%20weltbeziehung&f=false

by Selina Allerstorfer - 13. January 202513. January 2025

#04 Impact of Loneliness on Health

Social connection and satisfying relationships are fundamental for development, reproduction and survival. The impact of social influences on health and well-being has been extensively investigated through diverse scientific methodologies like epidemiological studies, network analyses, clinical trials and controlled experiments. Consistent evidence indicates that loneliness and social isolation negatively affect mental, physical, and cognitive health, with the most compelling findings linking these factors to an increased risk of premature mortality. ¹ Several meta-analyses find that the risk of all-cause mortality is increased by 26 %. Moreover, these findings were consistent across various factors, including age, gender, cause of death, country of origin, and baseline health status ²

Existing research makes a difference in all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality, particularly when talking about cardiovascular diseases or strokes. All-cause mortality refers to the collective risk of death from all conditions associated with loneliness, while cause-specific mortality focuses on the risk of dying from a specific condition closely linked to loneliness or social isolation.

Research has explored the individual and combined effects of loneliness and social isolation on mortality risk. While both factors independently correlate with higher mortality, studies suggest that social isolation is the stronger predictor when both are analyzed together. For example, some studies show that only social isolation remained significant after controlling for demographic, socio-economic, and health factors. ³ Beller and Wagner observed that loneliness and social isolation interact synergistically: greater social isolation amplifies the impact of loneliness on mortality, while higher loneliness intensifies the effect of social isolation. ⁴

The impact of social relationships on mortality risk can be compared to other well-established lifestyle risk factors like physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking cigarettes, air pollution or obesity. ⁵

*Comparison of Decreased Mortality across social connection and leading health indicators* ³

Physical health

In addition to their association with increased mortality risk, social isolation and loneliness are linked to various health issues, including cardiovascular diseases, stroke, functional decline, and, to some extent, reduced immune function and diabetes. ³

Cardiovascular diseases
Cardiovascular diseases include diseases affecting the heart or blood vessels like heart attacks or strokes. A meta-analysis which is based on 23 different studies shows that loneliness and social isolation are linked to a 29 % higher risk of coronary heart disease and a 32 % higher risk of stroke. These associations were observed in both genders and remained significant regardless of traditional heart disease risk factors. Studies show that loneliness is linked to an increased risk of high blood pressure, particularly among middle-aged and older adults, and inflammatory reactivity. ³

Functional and motor decline
Loneliness is linked to increased functional and motor decline, including greater difficulty with activities of daily living and reduced muscle strength, mobility, and motor performance. ⁶ It remains unclear whether loneliness contributes to functional decline directly or indirectly through processes like cardiovascular diseases or inflammation. ⁷

Diabetes and cholesterol
Few studies have linked loneliness to developing diabetes for men. A cross-sectional study in Switzerland shows that lonely people have a 40 % higher chance of developing diabetes and 31 % higher chance to have higher cholesterol levels. ⁸

Cognitive Health

Cognitive function encompasses a range of mental processes that enable an individual to acquire knowledge, reason, and carry out plans. These processes include perception, memory, learning, attention, decision-making, and language skills. ⁹

Cognitive decline
Several studies have explored the relationship between loneliness and/or social isolation, and cognitive decline, especially in older adults. Even though some studies show a link between loneliness and cognitive decline, they cannot agree on what part of the cognitive function is affected. ³

Alzheimer’s and Dementia
Most evidence suggests a correlation between loneliness and dementia, comparable to the other dementia risk factors like physical activity, low education and late-life-depression. ¹⁰While a study from 2018 found no association between loneliness and dementia, there are other studies showing that there is a link between loneliness and developing dementia. To address the potential problem of reversed causality – where early-stage dementia leads to difficulties engaging in social interactions and therefore people feeling lonely – the study doesn’t include people in those early stages. ³

Mental health

A wide range of literature shows a significant relationship between loneliness and mental health issues like depression and anxiety as well as suicide and suicidal ideations. ³

Depression and Anxiety
Lonely individuals tend to experience more depressive symptoms and report being less happy, less satisfied, and more pessimistic. Additionally, loneliness and depression share common features, such as feelings of helplessness and emotional pain. ¹¹ Another study also shows an association between poor social connection and social anxiety in both adolescents and adults. ¹

Suicide and Suicidal Ideation
Studies indicate a connection between loneliness and suicide. A study of individuals who have attempted suicide found that loneliness is frequently cited as a contributing factor. ¹²

Taking loneliness seriously

Research shows that loneliness affects health, but the relationship is also bidirectional – some health conditions such as poor physical health, disabilities, or hearing loss, can also increase the likelihood of loneliness. The reported evidence highlights that loneliness should be taken more seriously as a risk factor for various health problems. ³

Sources

[1] J. Holt-Lunstad und Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA, „Social Connection as a Public Health Issue: The Evidence and a Systemic Framework for Prioritizing the “Social” in Social Determinants of Health“, 2022. [Online]. Verfügbar unter: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052020-110732

[2] J. Holt-Lunstad, T. B. Smith, M. Baker, T. Harris, and D. Stephenson, “Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: A meta-analytic review,” *Perspect. Psychol. Sci.*, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 227–237, Mar. 2015, doi: 10.1177/1745691614568352. PMID: 25910392.

[3] J. Baarck, M. Kovacic und Joint Research Centre (JRC), „The Relationship between Loneliness and Health“, Publications Office of the European Union, literature review, 2022. doi: 10.2760/90915.

[4] J. Beller and A. Wagner, “Loneliness, social isolation, their synergistic interaction, and mortality,” Health Psychol., vol. 37, no. 9, pp. 808–813, Sep. 2018, doi: 10.1037/hea0000605. PMID: 30138019.

[5] J. Holt-Lunstad, T. F. Robles und D. A. Sbarra, „Advancing social connection as a public health priority in the United States.“, American Psychologist, Bd. 72, Nr. 6, S. 517–530, Sep. 2017, doi: 10.1037/amp0000103.

[6] K. Beaton and K. Grimmer, “Tools that assess functional decline: systematic literature review update,” Clin. Interv. Aging, vol. 8, pp. 485–494, 2013. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S42528.

[7] A. S. Buchman et al., “Loneliness and the rate of motor decline in old age: the Rush Memory and Aging Project, a community-based cohort study,” BMC Geriatr., vol. 10, no. 1, p. 77, 2010. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-10-77.

[8] R. A. Richard, S. Rohrmann, C. L. Vandeleur, M. Schmid, J. Barth, and M. Eichholzer, “Loneliness is adversely associated with physical and mental health and lifestyle factors: Results from a Swiss national survey,” PLoS One, vol. 12, no. 7, p. e0181442, Jul. 2017, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181442. PMID: 28715478; PMCID: PMC5513556.

[9] K. Kiely, “Cognitive function,” in Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, A. C. Michalos, Ed., Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014, pp. 483–484. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_2939.

[10] J. S. Kuiper, M. Zuidersma, R. C. Oude Voshaar, S. U. Zuidema, E. R. van den Heuvel, R. P. Stolk, and N. Smidt, “Social relationships and risk of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies,” Ageing Res. Rev., vol. 22, pp. 39–57, Jul. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.04.006. PMID: 25956016.

[11] R. Mushtaq, S. Shoib, T. Shah und S. Mushtaq, „Relationship Between Loneliness, Psychiatric Disorders and Physical Health ? A Review on the Psychological Aspects of Loneliness“, JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH, Jan. 2014, doi: 10.7860/jcdr/2014/10077.4828.

[12] L. M. Heinrich, E. Gullone und School of Psychology, Psychiatry, and Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia, „The clinical significance of loneliness: A literature review“, 2006. [Online]. Verfügbar unter: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.04.002

by victoria.bremer - 13. January 2025

Loneliness – a quick overview

„The loneliness epidemic“ – a buzzword that has been coming up more and more in recent years. It seems to be an increasingly relevant topic, which is quite interesting and somewhat paradox, considering the parallel increase of innovative technology for creating connections between millions of people, no matter the time of day or location on the planet. However, something seems to be wrong. Reports show that around a third of the population of industrialized countries are affected by loneliness [1]. The group most affected by loneliness are young adults between 16 and 24 [5] and what is even more concerning – this number has been rising over the past few years [6]. The WHO has even declared loneliness a global public health concern in 2023 and launched and international commission to study the problem [2]. How can loneliness be such a prominent topic and increasing issue, when we are more connected than ever? This makes for an interesting research topic in which I will be asking the question of how interaction design can combat loneliness.

First of all, to better understand the topic of loneliness, the term has to be defined and differentiated from similar ones such as aloneness, solitude and social isolation, as these mean slightly different things. Aloneness and social isolation describe qualitative, objective measures in which an individual has no one around them. More subjective measures include solitude and loneliness. While solitude describes a feeling of voluntary aloneness, which is mostly a positive experience, loneliness is the opposite and describes a negative experience of the state of being alone [3]. There is no one definition of what loneliness is exactly, generally it is agreed that it can be described as the subjective discrepancy between an individual’s existing versus desired social relationships [1]. When looked at more closely, loneliness can be further categorized into three types. Social loneliness means the feeling of isolation from a social network or community. Simply put: the missing sense of belonging. Emotional loneliness describes the sense of lacking close, intimate, emotional connections. Finally, existential loneliness refers to a deeper inner feeling of being fundamentally alone in life. Further categorizations include transient, situational and chronic loneliness [3].

Since loneliness is for the most part a subjective feeling, it can be quite tricky to measure it for studies and observation. One of the most prominent attempts to measure loneliness is the UCLA loneliness scale which has bee revised several times and works like a relatively simple questionnaire [4].

Loneliness has a significant impact on mental and physical health. It can contribute, as well as cause depression. This vicious cycle has a high risk of increasing early mortality. With depression being the most common mental health issue, loneliness is a topic that should not be overlooked, since they are often intertwined [7]. Loneliness can also harm the body physically. Diabetes, autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, physiological aging, cancer, poor hearing and overall poor health have been found to be caused by loneliness [1,7]. Addressing loneliness could be an important step in the battle against the mental health crisis and improvement of physical wellbeing.
Besides mental and physical health loneliness can even impact the economy. Poorer work performance and lower educational attainment have been associated with loneliness and its accompanying symptoms. This is estimated to cost employers millions per year due to employee sickness, caring activity, productivity, and voluntary staff turnover [8].

It is clear that we need to better understand the loneliness epidemic in order to work on solutions that bring us together.

Sources

C. Park et al., „The Effect of Loneliness on Distinct Health Outcomes: A Comprehensive Review and Meta-Analysis“, December 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113514
„WHO Commission on Social Connection“, World Health Organization [Online], Available: https://www.who.int/groups/commission-on-social-connection, Accessed: December 2024
„Definitions of lonely, isolated, alone, and solitude“, what works wellbeing, [Online], Available: https://whatworkswellbeing.org/resources/definitions-of-lonely-isolated-alone-and-solitude/, Accessed: December 2024
D. Russell, UCL Loneliness Scale, Fetzer Institute, Available: https://fetzer.org/sites/default/files/images/stories/pdf/selfmeasures/Self_Measures_for_Loneliness_and_Interpersonal_Problems_UCLA_LONELINESS.pdf
„16 to 24 year olds are the loneliest generation“, UKOnward, Available: https://www.ukonward.com/data/how-often-do-you-feel-lonely/, Accessed: January 2025
„Community Life Survey 2023/24: Loneliness and support networks“, gov.uk, Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/community-life-survey-202324-annual-publication/community-life-survey-202324-loneliness-and-support-networks–2, December 2024
R. Mushtaq, „Relationship Between Loneliness, Psychiatric Disorders and Physical Health ? A Review on the Psychological Aspects of Loneliness“, September 2014, doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2014/10077.4828
Campaign to End Loneliness, “Facts and Statistics – Campaign to end loneliness,” Campaign to End Loneliness, May 10, 2024. https://www.campaigntoendloneliness.org/facts-and-statistics/

by victoria.bremer - 13. January 2025

Interaction Design, Loneliness and Public Spaces

In an increasingly urbanized and digital world, public spaces are no longer the main place for community and interaction they once were. However, while global connectedness has rapidly increased thanks to modern technology, smartphones and social media many people, despite being surrounded by others, feel disconnected, isolated and lonely. Public spaces, like parks, libraries, and cafés, have always served as places where people come together. But as our lives become more fast-paced and technology-driven, these spaces are not the first choice for seeking connection, with most digital online solutions being more convenient and accessible.

I find the paradox of a rapidly evolving world, where global connectedness and interaction are increasing, yet loneliness is at an all-time high, to be a fascinating premise. It is a topic that – at least to a certain degree – almost everyone is affected by, and understanding what differentiates different kinds of interaction and connection (e.g. online and face to face) will only become more important in the future, especially for interaction designers. I see designing connection and interaction as an important starting point to tackling many different societal issues, loneliness being only one of them.

Interaction design is the practice of designing the way people interact with technology, environments, and most importantly: each other. It therefore offers the potential to rethink how public spaces function. By creating interactive experiences, design can invite people to slow down, engage with their surroundings, and connect with others in creative and meaningful ways.
With the increasing issue of loneliness, the principles of interaction design and the potential of public spaces I want to ask and aim to answer the question how design can combat loneliness by reshaping the way we interact in public spaces.

When diving deeper into the topic of loneliness, several sub-questions arise for further exploration and understanding. To tackle loneliness at its core, it is important to understand what loneliness is exactly and what the root causes are. These foundational questions help define the phenomenon and uncover why it emerges in various contexts. The effects should also be looked at more closely, posing questions such as: What does loneliness do to us? – physically, emotionally, and socially. Especially when it comes to exploring and developing possible solutions exploring the flip side, will be important. Questions like What is connection? How do we connect? and examining the mechanisms of building (meaningful) bonds are important. Researching on a broader scale, learning about basic human needs and how communities are built is another important aspect that should be considered.

More specific topics for interaction design could include reimagining third spaces like parks or cafes to encourage interactions, designing interactive and participatory experiences, or developing digital platforms that prioritize meaningful engagement over superficial connections. Additionally, incorporating haptic and sensory elements, such as touch-based installations or shared experiences, can evoke a stronger feeling of presence and connection. It’s essential to ask whether the spaces we design truly foster connection, and whether technological connectedness actually equals connection – fulfilling our need to be understood and supported.  Some interesting ideas for design spaces with connection and community in mind have already been implemented. In many cities, including Graz, places like „Repair Cafés“ [1] can be found. These are spaces where people can not only fix their broken items, but also socialize, connect and learn from each other. “Maggie Centers” [2] provide a place for people affected by cancer in which they can come together, talk, connect and bond over workshops and activities.

It is important to keep in mind that loneliness is a very large and hard to grasp topic. There is existing research, however the approaches and understanding of the topic still vary. Even a general consensus on how to define the term itself hasn’t been found. It can mean different things to different people and it can have various root causes, which means a solution could look very different for many people. An interesting approach could therefore be focusing on human needs in terms of social connection, belonging and purpose, which are things that directly contrast loneliness. When working on possible solutions it is important to keep in mind that there is no one cure, since loneliness as well as connection are complex and deeply personal.

In the upcoming blogposts, I will explore the broader topic of loneliness, connection, and community to gain a solid understanding and foundation of the topic. From there, I will investigate more specific elements of the research question by taking a look at spaces and environments that foster social interaction, such as third and fourth spaces, as well as principles of designing for connection and belonging. I will also look at case studies and examples of successful design interventions to draw inspiration. This journey will ideally give valuable insights and opportunities for addressing loneliness through thoughtful and intentional interaction design.

Repair Café: https://www.repaircafe-graz.at/
Maggie Centers: https://www.maggies.org/our-centres/
The UK has recently launched a campaign to end loneliness: https://www.campaigntoendloneliness.org/
The loneliness lab is a global collective of people and organizations on a mission to design connection: https://www.lonelinesslab.org/

by Veronika Poštrak - 28. December 202414. March 2025

1.5 Mental Health Apps Market: Trends, Opportunities and What’s Next

The mental health app market has witnessed significant growth, driven by technological advancements and a global focus on mental well-being. Valued at $6.12 billion in 2023, it is projected to expand further in the coming years. Here’s a snapshot of the current trends, market segmentation and future possibilities.

Market Segmentation

By App Type:

Depression and Anxiety Management: apps designed to help users cope with depression and anxiety through tools like CBT, mood tracking and guided exercises.
Meditation Management: apps like Calm and Headspace offering guided meditations, breathing exercises, and sleep aids.
Stress Management: platforms focused on stress-relief strategies, such as Happify, incorporating gamified exercises to engage users.
Wellness Management: apps aimed at holistic well-being, integrating fitness, nutrition, and mental health support.
Others: includes niche apps addressing specific challenges like postpartum depression, grief or addiction recovery.

By Target Audience:

Individuals Seeking Self-Help: students, working professionals and retirees seeking accessible, affordable mental health tools.
Healthcare Providers: clinicians using apps to complement traditional treatment plans.
Corporates: employers implementing wellness apps like Spring Health to enhance workplace well-being and productivity.

By Region:

North America leads the market with robust app adoption and mental health awareness, Asia-Pacific is growing rapidly, driven by increasing smartphone use and stress-related health concerns.

Key Trends

AI-Driven Personalization: apps are using AI to provide tailored mental health experiences. For example, Wysa and Woebot offer conversational AI support, while Kintsugi employs vocal biomarker analysis to detect emotional states.
Gamification for Engagement: apps like Happify use gamification to make mental health practices more engaging, particularly for younger audiences.
Integration with Wearables: real-time tracking of mental health indicators, like stress and emotional states, through wearable devices is becoming increasingly common.

Opportunities

Expanding Accessibility: affordable or free mental health apps can address gaps in underserved regions.
Corporate Wellness: more employers are expected to incorporate mental health apps into their benefits packages.
Enhanced Privacy and Trust: apps prioritizing user data security and ethical practices will gain consumer confidence.

What’s Next?

Niche Specialization: apps targeting specific demographics or conditions, such as adolescent mental health or postpartum support.
Integrated Care Models: enhanced collaboration between apps and healthcare providers for comprehensive mental health solutions.
Ethical AI Development: transparent and inclusive AI tools designed to meet high clinical standards.

As the market evolves, innovation and user-centric approaches will be crucial in addressing the diverse needs of a global audience.

Sources

“Mental Health Apps Market Analysis by Size, Share, Trends, Growth and Forecast (2024–2032) | UnivDatos.” LinkedIn. Accessed: Dec. 28, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/mental-health-apps-market-analysis-size-share-trends-growth-ali-bvfsc/
“Mental Health Apps Market Size, Share, and Trends 2024 to 2033.” Precedence Research. Accessed: Dec. 28, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://www.precedenceresearch.com/mental-health-apps-market
“Mental Health Apps Market Size was valued at USD 6.012 Bn in 2023 and is expected to reach USD 16.47 Bn by 2030, at a CAGR of 17.01%.” LinkedIn. Accessed: Dec. 28, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/mental-health-apps-market-size-valued-usd-6012-bn-2023-komal-kadam-uktbe/

by Veronika Poštrak - 28. December 202414. March 2025

1.4 A Guide to Mental Health Apps: Exploring Types, Features, and AI Integration

With mental health becoming a growing priority, mobile apps have emerged as accessible tools to support emotional well-being. These apps range from guided meditations to therapy chatbots, each offering unique features that cater to various needs. Below is an overview of the main types of mental health apps, followed by a detailed comparison table.

Types of Mental Health Apps

Meditation and Mindfulness
Apps like Calm and Headspace are leaders in this category, offering tools for stress relief, improved focus, and better sleep. Calm is renowned for its celebrity-narrated sleep stories, featuring voices like Harry Styles and Matthew McConaughey, as well as its expansive library of guided meditations. Headspace takes a playful yet calming approach with animations, guided exercises, and its AI companion, Ebb, which offers personalized recommendations for managing stress, relationships, and sleep challenges.

Online Therapy and Professional Support
For those seeking professional mental health care, platforms like BetterHelp and Talkspace connect users with licensed therapists. BetterHelp offers text, audio, and video sessions, while Talkspace integrates AI to analyze therapy transcripts in real-time, identifying high-risk behaviors such as suicidal ideation and alerting therapists for timely intervention.

AI-Powered Support
AI is revolutionizing mental health care, with apps like Wysa, Youper, and Woebot leading the way. Wysa provides CBT and mindfulness exercises through an AI chatbot, while Youper focuses on self-reflection and mood tracking via conversational AI. Woebot adapts its responses based on user needs, offering tools for managing anxiety and stress.

Mood Tracking and CBT Tools
Apps like Daylio and Moodfit help users build self-awareness by tracking emotions and habits. While these apps don’t use AI, their intuitive interfaces and visual data insights make them valuable tools for personal growth. Similarly, apps like MindShift CBT, CBT Companion, and CBT Therapy: Mental Future focus on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), offering exercises to challenge negative thoughts and build healthier habits.

Cutting-Edge AI Tools
Innovative platforms like Kintsugi, Cass, Spring Health, and Lyra Health showcase AI’s potential to personalize mental health care. From analyzing vocal biomarkers to matching users with tailored therapy resources, these apps offer groundbreaking solutions for mental wellness.

Mental Health Apps Comparison Table

App	Type	Features	AI Integration
Calm	Meditation and Mindfulness	Guided meditations, celebrity sleep stories, breathing exercises, sleep music, daily calm sessions	/
Headspace	Meditation and Mindfulness	Guided meditations, breathing exercises, sleep tools, playful animations, focus music, AI companion (Ebb)	AI-powered companion providing personalized recommendations
BetterHelp	Online Therapy and Professional Support	Text, audio, video therapy sessions, journaling tools, group therapy options	/
Talkspace	Online Therapy and Professional Support	Therapy sessions, psychiatric services, medication management, AI-driven risk detection	AI analyzes therapy transcripts to identify high-risk behaviors
Wysa	AI-Powered Support	CBT exercises, mindfulness meditations, mood tracking, journaling, access to human therapists	AI chatbot offering emotional support
Youper	AI-Powered Support	Mood tracking, emotional reflection, CBT exercises, personalized feedback	AI chatbot for self-reflection and emotional tracking
Happify	Meditation and Mindfulness	Science-based games, activities, meditations, gratitude exercises, stress-relief strategies	/
Daylio	Mood Tracking and CBT Tools	Mood tracking, activity tracking, visual reports, personalized insights	/
MindShift CBT	Mood Tracking and CBT Tools	Thought records, relaxation techniques, goal setting, social anxiety tools, coping strategies	/
Moodfit	Mood Tracking and CBT Tools	Mood tracking, gratitude journaling, mindfulness meditations, CBT tools, habit tracking	/
iBreathe	Meditation and Mindfulness	Customizable breathing intervals, simple and distraction-free design	/
CBT Companion	Mood Tracking and CBT Tools	CBT worksheets, mood logs, gratitude exercises, guided self-reflection	/
BetterMe Mental Health	Meditation and Mindfulness	Articles, guided exercises, stress relief tools, daily affirmations	/
CBT Therapy: Mental Future	Mood Tracking and CBT Tools	Practical CBT exercises, self-help guidance, thought management tools	/
Woebot	AI-Powered Support	Real-time CBT and mindfulness-based support, mood tracking, daily check-ins	AI-driven adaptive chatbot for mental health
Kintsugi	AI-Powered Support	Vocal biomarker detection for anxiety and depression, emotional state insights	AI analyzes vocal data to detect mental health indicators
Cass	AI-Powered Support	Emotional support, psychoeducation, coping strategies, 24/7 availability	AI chatbot providing personalized responses
Spring Health	Online Therapy and Professional Support	Therapy, coaching, medication management, wellness exercises, employer-provided plans	AI matches users with the most suitable resources
Lyra Health	Online Therapy and Professional Support	Therapy matching, coaching, personalized care pathways	AI matches users to therapists and care resources

Sources

“BetterHelp | Professional Therapy With A Licensed Therapist.” BetterHelp. Accessed: Dec. 28, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://www.betterhelp.com/
“BetterMe Mental Health” BetterMe. Accessed: Dec. 28, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://betterme.world/product/meditation
“Calm – The #1 App for Meditation and Sleep.” Calm. Accessed: Dec. 28, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://www.calm.com/
“CBT Companion.” Resiliens. Accessed: Dec. 28, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://resiliens.com/cbt-companion/
“Daylio – Your Private Journal.” Daylio. Accessed: Dec. 28, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://daylio.net/
“Happify: Science-Based Activities and Games.” Happify. Accessed: Dec. 28, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://www.happify.com/
“Headspace: Meditation and Sleep Made Simple.” Headspace. Accessed: Dec. 28, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://www.headspace.com/
“iBreathe – Relax and Breathe iOS App” Jade Lizard Software. Accessed: Dec. 28, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://www.jadelizardsoftware.com/ibreathe
“Kintsugi – Mental Health From Your Voice.” Kintsugi. Accessed: Dec. 28, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://www.kintsugihealth.com/
“Lyra Health | Transforming Mental Health Care.” Lyra Health. Accessed: Dec. 28, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://www.lyrahealth.com/
“Mental Future.” Mental Future. Accessed: Dec. 28, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://www.mentalfuture.com/
“MindShift CBT App.” Anxiety Canada. Accessed: Dec. 28, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://www.anxietycanada.com/resources/mindshift-cbt/
“Moodfit | Mental Fitness Made Simple.” Moodfit. Accessed: Dec. 28, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://www.getmoodfit.com/
“Spring Health – Comprehensive Mental Health Solutions.” Spring Health. Accessed: Dec. 28, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://www.springhealth.com/
“Talkspace – #1 Rated Online Therapy, 1 Million+ Users.” Talkspace. Accessed: Dec. 28, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://www.talkspace.com/
“Cass Home.” Cass. Accessed: Dec. 28, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://www.cass.ai/
“Woebot Health – Mental Health Chatbot.” Woebot Health. Accessed: Dec. 28, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://woebothealth.com/
“Wysa – Everyday Mental Health.” Wysa. Accessed: Dec. 28, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://www.wysa.com/
“Youper: Artificial Intelligence For Mental Health Care.” Youper. Accessed: Dec. 28, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://www.youper.ai/

by Veronika Poštrak - 9. December 202414. March 2025

1.2 The Science of Color Psychology: How Shades Influence Mental Health in App Design

A World of Color and Emotion

Colors play a significant role in shaping how we feel and interact with the world. They influence emotions, guide decisions, and even impact mental well-being, making them a powerful tool in designing mental health apps. The right colors can create an environment that feels calming, inviting, and supportive – essential qualities for apps aimed at improving mental health.

Research shows that cool colors, like blues and greens, are strongly associated with calmness, relaxation, and trust. These shades are often used in mental health apps to create a sense of serenity and support. On the other hand, warm colors, such as yellows and oranges, can evoke energy and optimism but must be used sparingly to avoid overstimulation.

Apps like Calm and Headspace use color in very different ways to great effect. Calm primarily employs soothing shades of blue and purple to evoke tranquility, while Headspace takes a bold approach with its vibrant and varied palette. This variety helps make meditation and mindfulness more approachable, particularly for younger users who may be new to these practices.

Why Color Choices Matter in Mental Health Apps

The connection between color and emotion is deeply rooted in psychology. Blue and green tones, often linked to nature and open spaces, can subconsciously reduce stress and promote relaxation. In contrast, red, while energizing in small doses, may heighten anxiety if overused, making it less suitable for calming designs.

The neurological effects of color also play a key role. Studies show that exposure to blue tones can lower heart rates, while green shades improve focus and concentration – both valuable qualities for mindfulness and mental health practices. By leveraging these responses, designers can craft apps that not only look appealing but also enhance users’ mental states.

Insights from Research: Colors for Personalities and App Types

Personality traits influence color preferences. Extroverts tend to favor vivid, warm colors like red, orange, and yellow, while introverts prefer cooler, softer shades like blue, green, and pastel tones. Gender can also play a role, with women often gravitating toward softer hues like purple and light blue, while men tend to prefer bold primary colors like strong blues and greens.

Dynamic color schemes, where apps adjust their hues based on the user’s mood or time of day, are gaining popularity. For example, an app might use vibrant tones in the morning to energize users and shift to muted blues in the evening to promote relaxation. This adaptability can create a more personalized and supportive experience for users.

Balancing Color with Function in Mental Health Apps

Color choices should enhance an app’s purpose rather than detract from it. While greens and blues are staples in mental health app design, designers must carefully balance them with accents to maintain engagement without overstimulating users.

Headspace’s vibrant palette provides an excellent example of balance. By pairing warm hues like orange and yellow with cool tones, it creates a playful yet calming environment. This blend ensures the app remains visually engaging while maintaining its focus on mindfulness and relaxation. In contrast, Calm leans into simplicity, using gradients and minimalistic design to immerse users in tranquility.

Consistency in color use is equally important. Abrupt changes in tone can confuse users or create unease, especially for those managing anxiety or mood disorders. A seamless visual flow across an app reassures users and enhances their experience, encouraging them to engage more regularly with the app’s features.

Image: Primary Colors in Popular Mental Health Apps

Sources

A. Volkova & H. Cho. (2024). Warm for fun, cool for work: the effect of color temperature on users’ attitudes and behaviors toward hedonic vs. utilitarian mobile apps. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, Vol. ahead-of-print, No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-03-2024-0149
„Calm – The #1 App for Meditation and Sleep.“ Calm. Accessed: Dec. 9, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://www.calm.com/
„Headspace: Meditation and Sleep Made Simple.“ Headspace. Accessed: Dec. 9, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://www.headspace.com/
R. Rider. (2010). Color Psychology and Graphic Design Applications. Senior Honors Theses, 111. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/honors/111
R. M. Romeh, D. M. Elhawary, T. M. Maghraby, A. E. Elhag & A. G. Hassabo. (2024). Psychology of the color of advertising in marketing and consumer psychology. Journal of Textiles, Coloration and Polymer Science, Vol. 23, No. 2. doi: 10.21608/jtcps.2024.259025.1272
S. Garrido, B. Doran, E. Olliver & K. Boydell. (2024). Desirable design: What aesthetics are important to young people when designing a mental health app? Health Informatics Journal, Vol. 30, No. 4. https://doi.org/10.1177/14604582241295948

by Veronika Poštrak - 3. December 202414. March 2025

1.1 Designing Interfaces and AI for Calm and Well-being

A Digital Path to Mental Health Support

In today’s fast-paced world, stress and anxiety are part of daily life for many people. Finding mental health support has never been more important, but traditional therapy is often expensive and hard to access. That’s where technology comes in. Apps like Calm, Headspace, Wysa, BetterHelp, and Talkspace are helping millions of people take care of their mental health by offering tools like guided meditation, mood tracking, AI-powered chatbots, and even direct access to therapists.

Smartphones have made mental health care more accessible than ever. Mobile health apps offer a private and convenient way to improve mental well-being, breaking down barriers like cost, access, and stigma. There are now hundreds of thousands of health apps, with a significant number focused on mental health, and they’re popular with both users and clinicians. However, there are still concerns about security, privacy, and how effective these apps really are.

One of the most exciting developments in this space is the use of chatbots, AI-powered tools that allow users to have conversations about their mental health. These chatbots are available 24/7, creating a safe space for users to share sensitive information without fear of judgment. They can also provide immediate support when human connections aren’t available. But they’re not perfect. Sometimes their responses are too simplistic or even wrong, which can frustrate users. And while some people find chatbots comforting, others may rely on them too much, which could lead to feelings of isolation.

These tools have incredible potential, but there’s still room to improve. How can we design these apps to be even more effective? How do we make them feel personal and calming? Can design and artificial intelligence work together to create better tools for mental health support? These are the questions I’ll explore in this blog series, focusing on how thoughtful design, like intuitive layouts, smooth transitions, and calming animations, can make a difference. I’ll also look at how AI can act as a “digital companion” that provides personalized and empathetic support.

Central Research Questions

This project focuses on two key questions:

How can UX/UI design elements make mental health apps more calming and accessible?
What role can AI play in providing personalized and empathetic mental health support?

To answer these questions, I’ll look at how clear navigation and interactive features can help users feel more relaxed and supported. I’ll also explore how chatbots and AI systems can create a sense of trust and connection by feeling more human and empathetic. Finally, I’ll consider ethical issues, like protecting user privacy while using data to personalize the experience.

Why This Matters for Designers

Good design isn’t just about making something look nice, it’s about solving problems and improving people’s lives. Mental health apps are a great example of how design can make a real difference. Micro-interactions, like a gentle animation when you complete a task, can help users feel supported and motivated. These small touches might seem minor, but they create a sense of care and connection.

Colors also play an important role. Calming shades of blue and green can help users feel more relaxed, while warm tones, used sparingly, can create feelings of safety and comfort. Simplicity is key: clear, uncluttered layouts can help users navigate the app without feeling overwhelmed.

Information architecture – how content and features are organized, is another critical piece. A well-designed app might prioritize frequently used tools like mood tracking or journaling, while keeping other features easily accessible but out of the way. This reduces mental load and ensures users can focus on their well-being.

What makes this project especially exciting is the opportunity to design for emotional connection. It’s not just about functionality, it’s about creating an experience that feels personal and meaningful. With mental health challenges on the rise, designers have a chance to create tools that genuinely help people feel better.

Challenges I Expect to Face

Designing mental health apps comes with unique challenges. Personalization is essential, but it requires sensitive user data, which raises concerns about privacy and security. People need to feel confident their information is safe, so building trust is a top priority.

Another challenge is finding the right balance between simplicity and functionality. Apps need enough features to be useful, but too many can overwhelm users. Testing and user feedback will be crucial to getting this right.

The design also needs to avoid overstimulation. Too many animations, notifications, or bright colors can cause stress instead of reducing it. Ensuring the design feels calm and supportive is key.

Chatbots, while promising, present their own challenges. Poorly designed responses can frustrate users or even cause harm in a crisis. Making chatbots feel empathetic and reliable, while avoiding over-dependence, will require thoughtful design and testing.

Why This Matters to Me

Have you ever used ChatGPT to ask for advice or encouragement, like it’s a therapist? I have. It made me realize how much potential AI has to provide meaningful support. Mental health is something we all deal with at some point, and the idea of creating tools that make support more accessible feels deeply personal to me.

This project isn’t just about building an app, it’s about creating something that feels like a companion. A tool that understands what users need, offers comfort, and helps them feel calmer and more in control. Combining thoughtful design with AI to make a real impact on people’s lives is what excites me most about this project.

What’s Coming Next

In the upcoming blog posts, I’ll explore topics like color psychology and how specific colors can create calming digital environments. I’ll also dive into micro-interactions and how small design details, like animations and transitions, can make apps feel more intuitive and relaxing.

Another focus will be analyzing successful mental health apps, such as Calm, BetterHelp, and Wysa, to understand what makes them work. I’ll also look closely at the potential and challenges of chatbots, exploring how they can provide round-the-clock support while addressing their current limitations, like handling crises and overly simplistic responses.

The ultimate goal is to develop a foundation of ideas for creating mental health apps that blend thoughtful design with AI. These could include guidelines or even a prototype that shows how these ideas come to life in a practical, user-friendly way.

Sources

“BetterHelp | Professional Therapy With A Licensed Therapist.” BetterHelp. Accessed: Dec. 2, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://www.betterhelp.com/
“Calm – The #1 App for Meditation and Sleep.” Calm. Accessed: Dec. 2, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://www.calm.com/
“Headspace: Meditation and Sleep Made Simple.” Headspace. Accessed: Dec. 2, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://www.headspace.com/
M. D. R. Haque & S. Rubya. (2023). An overview of chatbot-based mobile mental health apps: Insights from app description and user reviews. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 11, e44838. https://doi.org/10.2196/44838
M. Neary & S. M. Schueller. (2018). State of the field of mental health apps. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 25(4), 531–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2018.01.002
“Talkspace – #1 Rated Online Therapy, 1 Million+ Users.” Talkspace. Accessed: Dec. 2, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://www.talkspace.com/
“Wysa – Everyday Mental Health.” Wysa. Accessed: Dec. 2, 2024. [Online.] Available: https://www.wysa.com/

pic	sensor name	link	price	what it measures	specification	features	usage case
	Gravity: Analog Heart Rate Monitor Sensor (ECG) for Arduino	buy	$19.90	electrical activity of the heart	Input Voltage: 3.3-6V (5V recommended)Output Voltage: 0-3.3VInterface: AnalogOperating current: <10mA	Heart Rate Monitor Sensor x1Sensor cable – Electrode Pads (3 connector) x1Biomedical Sensor Pad x6	https://emersonkeenan.net/arduino-hrv/
	Gravity：Analog/Digital PPG Heart Rate Sensor	buy	$16.00	blood volume changing	Input Voltage (Vin): 3.3 – 6V (5V recommended) Output Voltage: 0 – Vin (Analog), 0/ Vin (Digital) Operating current: <10mA	Analog (pulse wave) & Digital(heart rate), configurable output	https://www.dfrobot.com/blog-767.html
	MAX30102 PPG Heart Rate and Oximeter Sensor	buy	$21.90	blood volume changing + blood oxygen saturation	Power Supply Voltage: 3.3V/5VWorking Current: <15mACommunication Method: I2C/UARTI2C Address: 0x57		https://community.dfrobot.com/makelog-313158.html
	Fermion: MAX30102 PPG Heart Rate and Oximeter Sensor	buy	$15.90	blood volume changing + blood oxygen saturation	Power Supply: 3.3VWorking Current: ＜15mACommunication: I2C/UARTI2C Address: 0x57		https://community.dfrobot.com/makelog-311968.html
	SparkFun Single Lead Heart Rate Monitor	buy	$21.50	electrical activity of the heart	Operating Voltage – 3.3VAnalog OutputLeads-Off DetectionShutdown PinLED Indicator	no electrodes extra cables cost $5.50 extra electrodes $8.95	https://anilmaharjan.com.np/blog/diy-ecg-ekg-electrocardiogram
	Sparkfun: Pulse Sensor	buy	$26.95	blood volume changing	Input Voltage (VCC) – 3V to 5.5VOutput Voltage – 0.3V to VCCSupply Current – 3mA to 4mA		https://microcontrollerslab.com/pulse-sensor-esp32-tutorial/
	SparkFun Pulse Oximeter and Heart Rate Sensor	buy	$42.95	blood volume changing + blood oxygen saturation	I2C interface I2C Address: 0x55		https://github.com/sparkfun/SparkFun_Bio_Sensor_Hub_Library
	Keyestudio AD8232 ECG Measurement Heart Monitor Sensor Module	buy	9,25€	electrical activity of the heart	Power voltage：DC 3.3VOutput：analog outputInterface(connect RA, LA, RL): 3PIN, 2.54PIN or earphone jack		https://wiki.keyestudio.com/Ks0261_keyestudio_AD8232_ECG_Measurement_Heart_Monitor_Sensor_Module